Apparatus for generating and applying ultrashort electromagnetic waves



March 1, 1938. E. E. w. KASSNER 2,109,843 APPARATUS FOR GENERATING AND APPLYING ULTRASHORT ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 11 Sheets-Sheec 1 Filed Sept. 15, 1954 March 1, 1938. w KASSNER 2,109,843

APPARATUS FOR GENERATING AND APPLYING ULTRASHORT ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Filed Sept. 15, 1954 ll Sheets-Sheet 2 E. E. w. KASSNER 2,109,843

Filed Sept. 15, 1934 ll Sheets-Sheet 3 RN v March 1, 1938.

APPARATUS FOR GENERATING AND APPLYING ULTRASHORT ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES E. E. w. KAS'SNER March 1, 1938.

APPARATUS FOR GENERATING AND APPLYING ULTRASHORT ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Filed Sept. 15, 1934 ll Sheets-Sheet 4 v m 8 m3 lnve r:

March 1, 1938. E. E. w. KASSNER APPARATUS FOR GENERATING AND APPLYING ULTRASHORT ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Filed Sept. 15, 1934 l]; She ets-Sheet 5 lnve March 1, 1938; E. E. w. KASSNER I APPARATUS FOR GENERATING AND APPLYING ULTRASHORT ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES FiledSept. 15, 1934 11 Sheets-Sheet 6 March 1, 1938. E. E. w. KASSNER 2,109,843 APPARATUS FOR GENERATING AND APPLYING ULTRASHORT ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Filed Sept. 15, 1934 11 Sheets-Sheet 7 March 1, 1938. E. E. w. KASSNER APPARATUS FOR GENERATING AND APPLYING ULTRASHORT ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Filed Sept. 15, 1934 ll Sheets-Sheet 8 m as /n ntor:

March 1, 1938. E. E. w KASSNER 2,109,843

APPARATUS FOR GENERATING AND APPLYING ULTRASHORT ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Filed Sept. 15, 1934 ll Sheets-Sheet 9 Fig. 23

lllllll March 1, 1938. E. E. w. KAssNER 2,109,343

APPARATUS FOR GENERATING AND APPLYING ULTRASHORT ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Filed'Sept. 15, 1934 ll Sheets-Sheet 10 March 1, 1938. w KASSNER 2,109,843

APPARATUS FOR GENERATING AND APPLYING ULTRASI-IOR'] I ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Filed Sept. 15, 1934 ll Sheets-Sheet ll Patented Mar. 1, 1938 PATENT OFFICE APPARATUS FOR GENERATING AND APPLY- ING ULTBASHOPT ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Ernst Eduard Wilhelm Kassner, London, England Application September 15, 1934, Serial No. 4.159% In Germany August 31, 1933 12 Claims. ((1250-36) Subject of invention is an oscillation generation and tuning system for the quasi-optical and ultra-short wave spectrum for increased efiective power which is joined together with radiating devices in such 'a manner that by means of application of the principle of total reflection in concentric tube conductors and further novel wave-electric devices a universal apparatus is presented as subject of invention, being especially equipped for the most varied purposes of application, testing and measuring within the ultra-short wave range.

Such an organic-uniform combination of devices for generation and employment of energy to only one instrument is unknown in high frequency physics of quasi-optical and ultra-short wave range, so that the present invention fills out a void in research as well as in technics and allows for manifold uses resulting out of interaction from oscillation energies towards dipole substances in the region of dielectric resonance polarization by irritations of anomalous dispersion and absorption strips.

For instance, and apart from the technics of communication, there are vast possibilities of em-' ployment to the spectrum of the centimetre anddecimetre wave lengths, that is for organic and physical chemistry as well as for electro-optics, for specific electro-medical purposes as well as for many applications concerning biological action and reaction. According to the dipole theory of anomalous dispersion of Debye and numerous experimental tests the relaxation frequencies and the natural frequencies, respectively,--the socalled anomalous dispersion strips-of biological and organic molecular structures of all substances, denoted as dipole substances, lie in the region of frequency of spectrum of the quasioptical and ultra-short waves. The electromagnetic oscillation energy of the before-men tioned waves enters into interaction to the dipole substances, whereby directing eflects and influence of substances,partly unknown up to the present, are released so that the present invention can be put into action for the most varied purposes mentioned above.

Figure 1 shows the instrumental structure of the object of invention fully developed in construction. On both sides of and symmetrically to the vibromotive electron valve for which a special transmitter valve .l is used, 'the tuning cylinder tube resonator 2 and the antenna or coupling resonator 8 carried by supports i (Fig. 1') of insulating material are placed and combined with the electron valve through the valve connecting sockets 4 and 5. Below these devices, and equally sustained by insulating supports, there are a wave length measuring system 6 and a cylinder resonator system I equipped with dif ierent optical devices for electro-optical pur- 6 poses, influences andobservations oi the dielectric resonance polarization of dipolar substances, which are brought into the cylinder resonator system. I

With all, wave conductor parts or this instru- 10 -mental structure the principal of total wave reflection by means of energy conduction in concentric tubes is applied, the per se advantageous qualities of these arrangements oi! tubes being fully developed by diflerent devices according to 15 invention.

Figures 2-22 serve for the description 01'. the particular structure of individual parts of this device and of the details oi invention, while Figures 23-34 show schematic examples of the 20 different types of connection by using cylindertube-resonators in combination with the transmitting system.

The wave-electric distributions of current and voltage duly taken into consideration, the con- 25 centric tube resonators distinguish themselves by insensibility to exterior influences as well as by particularly good conditions of reflection with only slightest loss of power especially when applied to the decimetre and metre wave-length range. The use of single tube resonators, in connection with ultra-short wave generators is known, however, in these arrangementsthe parts used for tuning bridges are either 'unflt' or possess 35 capacities of reflection the efflcacy of which is not sufficient in order to cause an optimal reflection as terminating impedance so that a determination of the tuning or the formation of the oscillation nodal point is not given. M

m exploitation of the physical fact that the W electric field lines of the standing waves developing on the concentric wave resonator system are normal to the surface of the conductor and that the lines of the current intersperse in 45 beam-shape the bridge conductor of this wave conduction, the tuning and reflection bridge, according to invention is formed as plate condenser in such a manner that the beam-shaped lines of the current permeate the dielectric as displace- 5 ment current on its natural unconstrained way of diffusion. Hereby the geometric symmetry of the nodal position of the oscillation is optimally flxed in the concentric tube arrangement simultaneously with a total reflection of the electro- 55 magnetic wave, as with this construction and manner of action of reflecting point the oscillation anode must develop itself on the central diametre of the piston-shaped reflection bridge. For the purpose of increasing the effective capacity of this symmetry reflection piston an arrangement-of several layers of metal plates and dielectric is employed. Figure 2 schematically shows details of principle of the cylinder tube resonator. The concentric conduit consisting of tubes 9 and i0 encloses the movable reflection piston or which is shown, partly in section, the metal plates II and I! of which slide along the inner surface of the external tube 9 and the outer surface of its internal tube III, the plate ll, being in metallic contact with the outer tube 9, the plate l2 being in metallic contact with the inner tube l0. Both plates are centralized into a uniform body in a suitable manner with an interpolation of the dielectric l3. Toimprove the places of contact the metal plates possess slotted contact rings I4 the laminae of which flexibly lean against the tube walls. The piston constitutes, in eflect, a condenser the plates of which are connected to the outer and inner tubes, respectively.

The end of the tube of the tuning resonator leading to the electron valve oscillation generator is bevelled and the internal conductor tapers in the same direction, so that a constant transition from the impedance subsistant in the concentric tube conduit over to the impedance of the parallel conduit, which mediates the junction to the electrodes of electron valve, is guaranteed. This is a simple but very eflicacious way to avoid the shock following on a direct joining together of two wave conductances of different impedances, which shock in every case causes undesirable reflections and losses in radiation. The bevelling of the tube end is suitably produced by a sectional area, forming a more or less large sloping angle with the axis of the tube, so that the sectional drawing or its projection forms an ellipse.

The multiple cylinder tube resonator represents a further arrangement according to invention allowing for an adjustment and tuning of multiple circuits independently from each other for ultrashort and quasi-optical waves as for instance required with various forms of transmitter systems. Figure 3 shows the schematic construction of a double cylinder tube resonator employing the symmetry reflection pistons. One wave conductor arrangement is formed by external tube l5 and central tube l6, while internal tube [1 and central tube "5 constitute the other one. For this purpose the proportions of the tube diameter have to be such as to allow for both tube systems possessing approximately the same characteristic reflection pistons 41 and 02 corresponds exactly to that of the symmetry reflection pistons shown by Figure 2. They allow to be displaced independently from each other as shown by arrows. By the central tube IS a screening and/or tuningout of both wave conductor circuits is given.

In this arrangement the tube ends leading to the generator are doubly bevelled, thereby effecting a uniform transition of the impedance, in this case towards two opposite points, to which separate parallel wire wave conductor systems can be connected which are forcedly parallelled in the tube resonator and consequently tuned in common.

On interposing an additional wave conductor system between the two cylinder tube arrangements described above, the multiple cylinder tube resonator according to Figure 4 is obtained. Between external tube l8 and first inter-tube is as well as between internal tube 2| and second intertube 20 shiftable metallic reflection pistons p and p are arranged possessing a contact ring consisting. of flexible laminae, just as the capacitive symmetry reflection pistons. In the present case both these wave conductor circuits form the push-pull tuning and oscillation system for the grids and the anodes of the push-pull transmitter valves. Their tube diameters are selected in such a way that an approximately homogeneous characteristic impedance prevails in both systems. The inter-tubes l8 and 20 form another intermediate or coupling circuit for the external and internal system through the symmetry reflection piston a executed just like piston on in Figure 2. When employing capacitive symmetry reflection pistons instead oi the metallic reflection pistons 5 8, the result is a triple conduit tuning system for three oscillating systems more or less independent. from each other. The ends of the tube system leading to the oscillation generation valve are likewise shown bevelled in order to reduce the eifect of the shock Joints and, if necessary, can get a bevelling as per Figure 3.

In consequence of the almost maximum reflection capacity of the symmetry reflection pistons, the tube parts lying behind these spots do not carry ultra frequencies, so that in this part of the tube system suitably on the tube ends, the

supply of the operating voltage can take place without influencing the oscillations.

Figures 5, 6, 7 will interpret the constructive building-up of the double-tuning cylinder tube resonator shown in Figure 3. The external tube i5 which is bevelled to the junction side of the generator as demonstrated, is the bearer of construction. The symmetry reflection piston or consists oi an arrangement of various super-' imposed metal plates Ii, l2 and dielectric I3 and is fastened to a slotted driving tube 26 equipped with longitudinal toothing. By the small tooth-wheel 21 situated at the external tube i5 and by means of turn button 28 the shifting of the piston, the actual position of which can be determined by the reading aperture 25 through which a scale engraved on the driving tube II becomes visible is eflected. By means of the guiding bridge 28 consisting of insulating material and fastened to tube l5, tube 2 gets its coaxial position and is protected against contortion by the slot conduction carried by the same insulating bridge. The guiding bridge 20 is at the same time support and fastener for the intertube l6 which is bevelled to the junction side of the generator, like tube i5, and on the external and internal walls of which the symmetry reflection pistons a and a are sliding along. Piston a" is executed just like piston a and is driven to motion by the driving tube 32 possessing longitudinal toothing and engraved scale as does driving tube 26. The small tooth wheel 33 effecting the shifting of the driving tube 32 is placed inside the driving tube 26 so that by shifting piston or the piston or is equally displaced to the same extent, and consequently both pistons preserve their relative position to each other. The manipulation of the small tooth-wheel is eflected by turning button I, An insulating part 3|, fastened to the driving tube 2, serves as sliding conduction for the driving tube 32.

The two telescope-shaped-tube conductors l1,

coupling resonator.

novel form and .cation by further use of concentric tube-conduits,

85 which can slide into eachother, form the internal leader. The tube conductor 11 is sustained by aninsulating disc 88 fastened to the inter-tube l6, and the .tube conductoris fastened by meansof insulating boxes}! and an.

Along with the tube 35 the metallic socket 5|- connected to itis inserted into the box 20- for the purpose'of receiving the voltage-leading cable. The supply of voltage to the inter-tube I6 is effected by the socket 22 and with the assistance of the long screw 25. Through the socket 24 fastened to tube l5 the operating voltage is supplied to the tube.

.On the opposite side of the symmetrically formed electron valve ultra-short wave generator and in organically systematics-l order thereto we find the radiation system which takes on a oflers new possibilities of appliin so far as it can be used in the first place as tunable reflection system and. after previous tuning, to resonance may be used as tuned radiation system, or, as an energy transporting and coupling system.

Figures 8 9, 11, 12 are to explain the working and manner of application as well as theconstructive building-up of the combined aerial and Figures 8 and 9 show thelongitudinal and the profile section of a tunable aerial resonator, with a linear radiator which can be pulled out telescope-like and with adjustable coupling system. The tuning tube 42, shiftableby means of gear drive 43, is arranged above the chief tube 41 (Figure 8) which is bevelled towards the side of the generator. The tuning tube is terminated by the semi-permeable capacitive reflection bridge which defines the nodal point of the electromagnetical oscillation and which consists of. the plate 46 metallically connected with the tuning tube 42, the dielectric 41 and the plate 45 fastened to the shiftable telescope tube 45 situated within the internal tube 44. The permeability of this reflection bridge can be varied by changing the diameters of the plates 46, 48. The linear radiator which can be pulled out is formed by the tubes 49, 50, 5| sliding into each other telescopelike, of which tube 491s shiftable within the telescope tube 45 and is led through box 52, while tube 5i has an insulated handle 53 for adjusting the linear radiator.

The further device accomplishes the second task of this combined part of transmitter as coupling or energy-substracting system which, when applied with inserted linear aerial, supplies the transmission energy of the transmitter to another receiver. The tuning tube 42 (Figures 8 and 9) carries a short metallic piece of tube, 54, sliding by means of gear drive 55, which carries the internal coupling conductor 55 through a cylindrical prolongation 56 and an insulating plate 51 and to which, in addition, the external coupling conductor 59, is fastened. The coupling conductor 58 is connected to a tube piece 60 enclosing the internal tubes 44 and 45, with small spacing therebetween. Thereby a capacitive coupling to the internal conductor of the concentric tube arrangement is given, by means of which the oscillation energy can be led to the receiving or measuring system free of direct voltage. The longitudinal slots 5| and 52 situated in tubes 4| and 42 allow for the free shifting of this coupling system. They have to be wide enough so that any notable interference capacity between internal and external tube can be prevented. For the same purpose the coupling conductor 58 has been fastened to sliding tube 54 by cylinder prolongation 55, by means of which the greatest possible distance of air or dielectric, respectively, is effected between conductor 58 andv the external tube for dimlnuation of capacity. The longitudinal shifting allows for a considerable displacement of the coupling point so that the latter can be interposed almost into the potential node as well as into the maximum of tension, according to whether it is situated in proximity to the reflection plates 45, 41, 48, or whether it is being moved towards the generator side. This oflEers the possibility of continually varying the quantum of the energy to be detracted. For the purpose of leading the supply to the receiver, the prolongation conductors 53, 54 are slipped on to the ends of the coupling conductors 58, 59. The connection of a tunable dipole radiator with the equally tunable supplying tube resonator is shown in Figures 11 and 12. The arrangement of the tuning tube 42 sliding within the external tube 4! with reflection bridge 46, 41, 48, and the telescope tube 45 shiftable within the internal tube 44, corresponds to that of Figure 8. The guiding part 15, consisting of insulating material, is fastened to the tuning tube 42 of Figure 12. The friction wheels 10, 1|, 12, ",the surfaces of which are covered with an elastic coating, for

instance with rubber, are situated within this 12, 12. They get their direction within the guiding part 15 by the guiding slots 88. 59in such a manner that they are lying in one axis. The freedipole ends projecting from the guiding .part 15 possess a large natural stability owing to their shape, so that they keep the direction given to them without bending, even in case of considerable free lengths. The other end of the strip is shiftable within the telescope tube 45, to the internal wall of which, and owing to its spring effect, its longitudinal edges lean contact-giving. Strip 1 is conducted through the guiding slot 15 into the notch 11 engraved on the external wall oi the tuning tube 42 and is slipped into same for the purpose of obtaininga good contact. The metal strips. comprise a scale which registers the length of the dipole radiator which has been removed.

With this example of execution of the aerial resonator the coupling arrangement described by Figures 8, 9 can be likewise used in just the same manner.

The afore-mentioned parts, i. e. the multiple oscillator and the serial and coupling oscillator are connected with the electron valve by valveconnecting-sockets as shown in Figures 10 and 13. Owing to these connecting parts the transmitter system represents a uniform structure as shown in Figure 1, in which these valve connecting sockets are numbered 4 and 5.

The valve-connecting-socket Figure 10 consistspf a cylindrical metal body 4 squeezed'into a suitable shape, into the smaller opening of which the tuning resonator 2 projects, being fastened by means of the clip 31 over an insulating separator 88. The electron valve l is supported by the flexible metal clamp 86 in the leading-in electrodes run into the bilaterally bevelled tube ends of the tube resonator 2 developed,

oscillators are to an electron valve as 32, 34 the valve conor two additional cylinand 19, as shown by another possibility of application is shown by' the tube 33 which fits Figure 13. The end of on to the prolongation I8 by means of a sliding seat contains a thermo-indicator 3|, the high frequency connection of which is connected to the wire clamp 32 serving as coupling-turn. Theconnections of the thermoelectric couple 83, 84 lead to the indicating-instrument shown in permits the control of the energy 01' the transmitter. It can be varied in its sensitivity by bringing closer or further removing the coupling turn 82 from or to the oscillatory conductance in the valve connecting socket- The metal body 5 of the valve connecting socket has, for the rest, the same shape as the one shown in Figure 10. An additional tube resonator is fastened in its smaller opening by means of clip 81, said resonator in this example being represented as an aerial resonator according to Figure 12, while the glass bulb of electron valve I is supported by means oi the flexible metal clamp 86. In this drawing the wave conductors subside into a plane which is in vertical relation to' the level of the drawing; the centrally situated cathode supply connector 96 leads to the above-mentioned tunable resonance-choking arrangement, the constructive building-up of which is described below.

The main tube 91 fastened in the valve connecting socket carries the gear drive 93 which is put into action by the tuning button 89 depicted in the intersection drawing Figure 14, thereby eflecting within tube 91 a gliding motion of the sliding tube 80 equipped with longitudinal teeth. The insulating button SI, into which the socket 92 destined to pick up the heating cable is inserted, is fastened to this tube 90. In its turn the choke 93 with variable pitch of turns, the other end of which is supported by the insulating plate 94 which is fitted on to the main tube 91, is fastened to the socket 92. On moving the sliding tube out of the main tube 91 by means of gear drive 98, the length of the choke 93 changes simultaneously. This causes an alteration of its electric qualities, that is of its self-induction and self-capacity, so that by this extending of length an alteration 01' its resonant frequency, which is conditioned by the electric values, is effected. The reading or registering aperture (Figure 14) shows the actual extension Figure. 1. This device of the choke as to favourable reflection eiTects by means of a scale fitted on to the sliding tube 90, and which can be adjusted reproducibly.

The application of the parallel wire system as wave-length-measuring device for ultra-short and quasi-optical waves by using shiftable plate bridges has different disadvantages. The adjustment of the plate bridges is only possible up to a certain degree of precision, but not sumcient 2,109,848 large opening of the socket. Its wave-conducting for precisionalwave the plate positions can further enlarge the error-limit of the: measuring. An additional impairment of? In.

measuring lies in the. tact that the parallel-wire wave-conductor plate-bridges can be made large enough to cause a total reflection. The present invention avoids these disadvantages by the fact that the measuring wire system is attached to both sides 01' tuning tube resonators in which the before-mentioned reflectionpistons or the invention can be adjusted to precisely reproducible values by means of drive shifting,. and which possess a remarkably greater power oi reflection in comparison to the. plate bridges. The parallel wire system is developed as difierential system (Flgure15) in such amen, ner that the two tube resonators developed according to Figure 2 are connected with. eachother by the mutual wire It as well as by the. two external conductors I23, I21 ending at the tubes 3' and 9 and situated on the same plane as the neutral wire ID. a and a are the symmetry reflection pistons sliding within tubes 9 and I. This difl'erential arrangement 01 the parallel wire wave conductors allows for the employment of a dicated by the instrument I30, a raising or sensibility being caused thereby and the efiectt oi the electrical shock point at the junction of. the tube conductor and the parallel wire conduction being reduced. on employing duplex diode rectifier valves this arrangement. offers the advantage that the wire I Ii forms the symmetrical return line which, with the two-wireisystem, has to consist 01' a special flexible conduction. Figure. 16 shows a schematic diagram of connections of such an arrangement. The conductors I3, I26, I21 correspond to the parallel wire conductors represented in Figure 15. The anodes I3I, I32 of the duplex diode valve I33 are connected to conductors I23 and I21. The heating filament I33 is fed from the battery I36 by way of the choked conductor I35 and possesses a. central tapping I31 which is connected to conductor I 3. The direct current is indicated by instrument I33 which is connected to the internal conductor and the resonator tube. Its arrangement within the whole construction is shown in Figure 1 being equally marked I30; A further possibility of employing the wave length measuring system is given by its application as measuring device for dielectric constants of fluids with high conductivity. A condenser tank which is shiitable on the measuring wire and is filled with the fluid to be tested, is arranged together with the described wave indicators (detector, diode valve etc.). The measuring or the dielectric constant is accomplished by means of the well-known method of Drude by definition of the bridge shortening caused by the loading of the circuit by the measuring condensor.

An example for the constructive building-up of a wave-length measuring system is to be given by the Figures 17-19.

The cylinder tube'oscillators consisting of external tube 9", 9 the symmetry reflection pistons a, d and internal conductor III are arranged on both sides oi the proper measuring wire system. The symmetry reflection pistons are fastened to a driving tube, I33 and I33", shiftable within tube 8' and 9", having on its external wall and parallel to the tube axis a toothing into which the small tooth-wheel of the measuring. On. reading 08 a slight" slopingot plates gear-drive catches. The t of the symmetry reflection pistons, the actual position of which can be read ofl'from the scale engraved into the surface of driving tube I, I", is effected by means of the turning buttons I, I40" (Figure 18) fastened to the axis of the small tooth-wheel. The internal conductor II is supported and stretched above the shores fastened to external tube 0', I, concentrically to the tube system. The tubes ISM and I80 longitudinal slots, they are not hampered in their longitudinal motion, butare protected against a transverse distortlonto the moving direction, which distortion would damage the small toothwheels. The supply of energy is eilected by the wave conductors I42, I. Wave conductor I42 leads to the external tube 0'', wave conductor in can be brought Into more or less close proximity to the internal conductor II for the purpose of varying the coupling. The coupling point itself is also variable. The gear drive I serves for this purpose, allowing for a parallel displacement of both coupling conductors within the cut of tube 0'. V

The measuring wire system consists of the internal conductor I0 and the two external conductors I20, I21 connecting the concentric tuning resonators. The testing carriage I45 which can be moved through a cord gear and by a tumi0 ing button I in order to slide along insulating tube I", serves for supporting and moving the wave indicator or the measuring condenser tank. Its occasional position is indicated by a pointer I40 fastened to it and moving about the scale 35 I. The connection of the indicator instrument is eflected by the terminals ill or I" which are attached to the shores lll and I and where the internal tube I0 terminates, as well as by the external wall of tube 0' and I". The whole measuring system is fastened to the main supporting tube I52 by four inclining supports I5I consisting of insulating material.

A cylinder oscillating device, designated as electro-optieal polarlmeter, serves for the testaction eflects of the quasi-optical and ultra-short waves on dipole substances as well as for deflnition of those constants from which the wave length required for the release of the resonance dispersion eflects for the excitation of an anomalous absorption and dispersion strip is determined. The novel, principle of this device consists in that the influencing oi the substances in question, which are fllled into a concentric tube conducter, is effected by means of reflection devices, whereby the ensuing directional effect which makes the dipole fluid doubly retracting, becomes noticeably prominent in consequence of the concentrated electro-magnetic field oi oscillation, while, on the other side, this directional eflect can be released by a relatively small amount of energy. Metallic reflection pistons or symmetry reflection pistons or glass plates one side oi which is covered with a light-permeable goldlayer produced by cathodal spraying through which polarized light is transmitted, serve as reflection devica.

Figures 20, 21, 22 show constructive examples of execution of electro-optical polarimeters; there are two fundamental possibilities of executing the polarimeter, which differ from each other by the fact that, with one of them, the polarized beam of light intersperses the whole space of influence in the longitudinal direction of the tube 7; axis (electro-optical longitudinal polarimeter),

ing of the before-mentioned influence and interwhile, with the other, it is sent through the space of influence in transversai direction thereto (electro-optical transversal polarimeter) Figure 20 shows an electro-optical longitudinal poiarimeter.

Thefluidtobetestedisenclosedwithinthe absorption space III. This space is formed by the main tube I02, by the gold-layer glass plate I00, solidly connected to the former, and by the gold-layer glass plate I05 fastened to piston tube I. The tube Ill is adjusted in liquid-proof way to tube I02 by means of piston rings and, for adiustment to resonance, can be shifted within same by means of gear drive I00. Through the opening ill on tube I02 the scale on the tube I04 on which the actual position of the reflector plate is marked, becomes visible. The silver wire I00 constitutes the internal conductor of the concentric tube arrangement and is, on the one hand, fastened to the gold-layer glass plate I00 in conducting contact with the gold-layer and, on the other hand, to the shore I 00. The internal conducter is led liquid-proof through a. metallic guiding box of the gold-layer glass plate I05, through which it is in conducting connection with the gold layer, in such a manner that the shifting possibility of this reflection gold-layer glass plate is preserved. The supply of energy is eflected by the wave conductors H0 and III of which H0 is fastened to the external tube, while III can be more or less brought into proximity to the internal conductor I00 for the purpose of coupling variation. The balancing tank II2 receives the liquid displaced from space IOI by the movement of the reflection pistons I05 and attends to the constant fllling of the observation space, in every piston position free of air bubbles.

The way of the ray of polarized light necessary for the observation of the polarization act is the following:

The light of the punctiform source of light IIl situated within the screening III is gathered into a beam or parallel rays by the condenser set III and, after having passed the heatand colour-illter-set IIS, enters by way of the Nicols polarization prism Ill and the A, wave length mica plate H0 and through the gold-layer glass plate I00, into the observation space IOI, leaves it again through gold-layer glass plate I05 and, by way of the /4, wave length mica plate II9, arrives at the analyzer prism I20 and, through the lens system I2I and prism I22, at the ocular I20.

The gold layers of the plates I00 and I05 cause a certain loss of light and, in certain cases, effect a disturbing colouring of the beam. In another form of the electro-optical longitudinal polarimeter the gold-layer glass plates I00 and I05 are supplanted by simple plane-parallel glass-plates, the reflection tuning being effected in a special tube resonator by means of symmetry reflection While with this arrangement it is possible to observe the resulting effect in its totality, the transversal observation device shown in Figures 21, 22 allows for a testing of the polarization effects at any chosen point of the influencing space, that is the observation of the change of effect in dependence of the fleld distribution and of the intensity of the electro-magnetic fleld, respectively.

Accordingly the shape of influencing space IOI (Figure 21) is altered. The glass windows I03 allowing for a transversal irradiating of the space "I are cemented into the main tube I02. On

the inner side they are fltted out with a gold layer which is in contact with the internal wall of tube Hi2, and are shaped correspondingly to the tube wall( In the drawings these windows are drawn as flat glass plates. The symmetry reflection pistons a and a fastened within the tubes HM and IM and constructed in accordance to Figure 2, serve as reflection pistons, in this arrangement. The tubes I and Hil are shiftable within the main tube I02 by means of the gear drives I08 and Hi8 and the wall of the main tube as well as the internal conductor I08 which is stretched above the shores I 09' and Hi9 are made liquidproof by means of piston rings and insulating boxes without impairment of the sliding capacity. The apertures I01, I01 allow for the reading-oi! of the position of the pistons by means of the scale engraved on tubes I24 and IN". The tank H2 is again intended as filling and compensating reservoir. The coupling of energy is effected in the same manner as shown in Figure 20, i. e. through the wave conductors H0 and iii. The optical device which is shiftable parallel to the main-tube oi the above-described electric device, is supported by the tube holder I24 through several supports. The entire optical system can be moved by the metallic three-edged rail I25, shown in section drawing (Figure 22), by means of gear drive or the like. The single parts of the optics as well as the way of light correspond to the parts Iii-I23 of Figure 20, only the prism I22 being left out in this straight-sight arrangement. \7

For the influencing of larger quantities of fluids to which a flxed quantity of energy is to be supplied, the reservoir H2 may be replaced by means for continuously circulating the liquid through the influencing space so that each liquid element in consequence of the uniformly timed stay in the influencing space absorbs the same quantity of energy. A frequency fine-tuning is obtained owing to this measure, because the position of the absorption maximum within the frequency spectrum can be altered in very flne graduations through changing the temperature of the dipole liquid while a flne tuning of transmitter to the absorption frequency in question presents certain dlfllculties. The main factor of this arrangement consists in the possibility of continuously controlling the influencing process by means of the optical device.

As, with the electro-optlcal transversal polarimeter Figures 21, 22, the internal and external conductors of the concentric tube arrangement are insulated from each other by means of the symmetry reflection pistons, an electro-static fleld can be produced in influence space by establishing a direct voltage in relation to both these conductors, this electro-static field being superimposed to the electro-magnetic alternating fleld and releasing additional directing eifects.

The numerous possibilities for employing the tunable singleor multiple cylinder tube resonators with shiftable symmetry reflection pistons are to be illustrated by some circuit schemes. 'I'hree-electrode-valves as well as various transmitter valves without and with various multiple grid valves are drawn as electrode valve generator.

Figure 23 shows the connection of a duplex tube resonator, according to Figures 3, 5, 6, 7, to a three-electrode valve. The anode A is connected with the external tube IS, the grid 6 with the inter-tube ii. For the purpose of simplifying the illustration these tubes are not bevelled in the drawings. This grid-anode circuit is tuned by the symmetry reflection piston a indicated schematically. One pole of the filament circuit is connected to the internal tube l1, while the other, being insulated, is led through this tube. The second tuning circuit is given by the concentric tube conduction which consists of tube I 6 and tube i1 and the shiftable symmetry reflection piston a". The battery voltage is supplied at the tube ends situated on the other side oi the symmetry reflection pistons which carry no oscillation energy. The drawings show an electric brake fleld connection transmitting a high positive tension to the grid and a low negative tension to the anode opposite to the cathode.

A better possibility, from the wave-electric point of view, of connecting the multiple tube resonator is given by employing a symmetrically constructed three-electrode valve with leading-in wave conductor. Figure 24 shows such a valve having two duplex tube resonators for the purpose of double-sided tuning. The tubes I I II", and respectively It, li again form the grid-anode tuning circuits, while the. cathode connection is double-sidedly tuned against the grid by means of the concentric tube connection It, i1, and I6 I l The voltage supplies are represented in analogy to Figure 23 for electric brake fleld operation.

In the following connections the possibilities of application and communication of the single or multiple tube resonators with symmetry reflection pistons on to transmitter valves are represented. These are electron valves with which two separate electrode systems are arranged around a mutual cathode arrangement and coupled by same. Figure 25 shows a two-sided multiple tuning with which the grid anodeand/or the grid cathode-circuits oi the various systems of the electron valve generator can be .tuned both-sidedly by double tube resonators as shown by Figures 23, 25, 26, 27 The wave conductors of the anodes A and A lead to the left of external tube It oi the double tuning resonatos' and are thereby parallel connected. They are in the same way connected to the external tube ii" of the multiple tuning resonator on the right. The wave conductors of the grids (It and G are likewise led in parallel connection to intertube i6, I6". The internal tubes l1, l1" form the prolongation of the wave conductors connected to cathode -K. Consequently there exist 4 oscillation systems, adjustable independently from each other, that is the two grid anode circuits formed by the tubes I5", I 6 and I5", I6 as well as by the reflection bridges a and a", and the grid cathode circuits formed by the tubes I 6', i1, i6", H and the bridges a and a. In this figure as well as in the following the batteiy connections are always eflfected on the non-oscillating ends of the tube resonators.

As the symmetry reflection pistons are developed into capacitive bridging condensers, a chosen supply of voltage can be led to the electrodes, so that, apart from the electric brake field connection, other methods of operation, for instance undamped connections with falling characteristic property or control connections can also be used.

' In Figure 26 the wave conductors of the anodes A and A and of the grids G and G are joined together in parallel before the connection to the tube resonator so that only one wave conductor is connected to each tube. By changing the position of these connections another arrangement aroaeas tion-and tuning circuit, while a tuning between anode and cathode is achieved through tubes l6 and I1 and symmetry reflection piston a. An

aerial resonator according to Figure 8, is connected to the right of the transmitter valve. The wave conductors of the anodes and the grids are likewise parallel connected previous to their connection to the, in reality bevelled, ends 01 the external tube II and internal tube 44, respectively. The junction of the cathode wave conductor on this side is eiiected by the adjustable resonance choke 93 shown in Figure 13. The voltage supplies are again ei'i'ected at the tree tube ends of the double tuning oscillator. As method 01' operation this example shows a disdamping connection, a high positive voltage being transmitted to the grid and a somewhat lower positive voltage to the anode. Here the excitation oi! the oscillation is achieved by the negative resistance in the individual circuits appearing in result of the secondary emission.

Figure 27 shows the possibilities of junction of single and double-tube resonators to a double transmitter valve. The electrode systems I and II of the transmitter valve are not joined in parallel, but are connected to separate tube sys tems. Therefore the wave conductors from anode and grid of system I lead to the double tuning resonator 2 and to the single tuning resonator I53 according to Figure 2, while the same electrodes of system II are connected'to the multiple resonator 2 and the concentric conduit I 54. The concentric conduit I serves as energy-supplying conduction to the receiver system. The wave conduction of the cathode circuit is reciprocally tuned against system I and II in the multiple tuning resonators 2 and I. This arrangement allows for a. separate supplying with voltage of both electrode systems of the electron valve, one source oi. voltage being connected to the resonator 2- and the other one to resonator 2 as shown by Figure 2'7 for a mixed method of operation, system I with electric brake field connection and system II with undamped connection.

With the transmitter valve one of the electrode systems may be employed as coupling system not supplied with tension. The use of tube resonators for this operating condition is shown in Figure 28. System I is tuned on each side by the double tube resonators 2 and 2 and receives its operating voltages through oneof them, while grid and anode of system I! are led to the concentric conduits I53 and IN, without however receiving any operating voltage. The concentric tube conduit I54 serves as conductor of energy to the receiver, while the conduit I53, tunable by means of symmetry reflection pistons, causes a one-sided tuning of the coupling system. An appropriate way of arranging the additional tube resonators I53 and I54 01 Figures 27 and 28 in combination with the valve connection socket shown in Figure 13, is by arranging them vertically to the multiple tube resonators 2- and 2 The employment of a multiple tube resonator according to Figure 4 for a push-pull transmitter with double-sided push-pull tuning is shown in Figure 29. The anode push-pull circuit of the electrode transmitter valves I and II is formed by the tubes Il and i9, l8 and ll in combination with the shiitable metallic reflection bridges p" and p by connecting anode A oi the electron valve I to the external tube It and Il and anode A of valve II to the first intertubes I! and I9 oi the multiple tuning tube resonators. The grids G and G are combined with the interand internal tubes 20', 2i, and 20, II, to form doublesided grid push-pull circuits which are tuned by the metallic reflection bridges pand p. Between these two circuits a tuning or coupling in the tube conductions formed by the intertubes i9, 20-, and i9", 20 is achieved by means of the symmetry reflection pistons a and a". The

supply circuits leading to the batteries are again connected to the tree tube ends. A tuning of the cathodes K and K is not eflected in this arrangement. The heating current is supplied to them through the chokes I55 and I55.

Push-pull oscillations can be produced in one valve, for the tuning of which the above-mentioned resonators can be employed in the same way. Figure 30 shows such a double-sided pushpull tuning of a transmitter valve in connection with the multiple resonators according to Figure 4. The electrodes of the tube systems I and II working in push-pull are connected to the separate tube systems in analogy to the construction of Figure 29; the cathode circuit is connected to the filament battery by-way of the chokes, As method of operation the drawing shows a spacecharge push-pull oscillation-connection with positive grid and negative biased anode.

A push-pull tuning arrangement with the same type of valves but different tuning tube resonators is given in Figure 31. A push-pull tuning of the grids and the anodes of system I and H takes place in the multiple tuning resonator 2', while in the single tube resonators I53 and i! the grids and anodes of system I andlI are connected 1 to single oscillation circuits.

A special type of the transmitter valves possesses a so-called center of symmetry. This is a grid-anode system situated in close proximity to the filaments which servesas oscillation excitation and space-charge impulse control. Its tuning is likewise achieved by means of double tube resonators, as shown in Figure 32. The main systems I and II are tuned by the double tube resonators 2 and 2 as demonstrated in Figures 25, 26; grid 1 and anode a: are connected to the multiple tube resonators 2 and 2 and are tuned here with each other as well as against the oathode circuit which is likewise connected to these resonators. The voltage supply for the electrodes is performed by the free tube ends of one of the two resonators 2 or 2 in the same way as with all the other connections.

Another mode of application of the multiple tube resonators presents itself on employing the multiple grid transmitter valves. These are electron valves consisting of two electrode systems with several grids symmetrically arranged into a.

mutual cathode circuit. Figure 33 gives an example of the junction of such a transmitter valve with two double tube resonators which, contrarily to those shown in Figure 4, have symmetry reflection pistons in every concentric tube system, so that each parallel connected pair of electrodes can be supplied with voltage independently from the others. By interchanging-the wave conductor connections at theseparate tubes of the resonator, the valve electrodes can be connected with other corresponding tubes of the resonator in various combinations to form oscillatory circuits. The tuning of individual electrodes can also be achieved separately by means of double resonators, as shown in Figure 34, for the combination of several double tube resonators with a multiple arid transmitter valve.

In the tube resonators 2' and 2 the parallelled anodes A and A and the internal grids G and G are gather d into an oscillatory circuit, while in the resonatots 2 and 2 the parallel connected external grids G and G are tuned against the parallel connected internal grids G and G equally connected to those resonators. The internal tube conductor circuit of all 4 tuning resonators causes the tuning of the cathode circuit K against the internal grids G and G By changing the conduit supplies all combinations of oscillatory circuit connections can be carried out, so that for certain phases of oscillation the valve electrodes which are'in suitable phase relation to one another can be gathered into separate oscillatory circuits.

Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is:

1. An ultra-short wave transmitter comprising an electron tube generator, a tube resonator having conductors connected at one end to said generator to receive high frequency current therefrom, said end being bevelled to effect uniform transition in impedance, and reflecting bridges slidably held in each tube resonator for longitudinal movement therein, each bridge comprising a pair of electrodes separated by insulation and connected to the respective conductors.

2. An ultra-short wave transmitter comprising an electron tube generator, a tube resonator having concentric conductors connected at one end to said generator to receive high frequency current therefrom, said end being bevelled to effect uniform transition in impedance, and reflecting bridges slidably held in each tube resonator for longitudinal movement therein, each bridge comprising a pair of electrodes separated by insulation and connected to the respective conductors.

3. An ultra-short wave transmitter comprising an electron tube generator, a tube resonator having conductors connected at one end to said generator to receive high frequency current therefrom, said end being bevelled to effect uniform transition in impedance, and reflecting bridges slidably held in each tube resonator for longitudinal movement therein, each bridge comprising a pair of electrodes separated by insulation and connected to the respective conductors and a socket clamped to said tube resonator and having a resilient clip engaging the electron tube generator to mechanically connect the same together.

4. An ultra-short wave transmitter comprising an electron tube generator, a tube resonator having concentric conductors connected at one end to said generator to receive high frequency current therefrom, said end being bevelled to eifect uniform transition in impedance and reflecting bridges slidably held in each tube resonator for longitudinal movement therein, each bridge comprising a pair of discs separated by insulation and connected to the respective conductors.

5. An ultra-short wave transmitter comprising an electron tube generator, a tube resonator having concentric conductors connected at one end ing an electron tube to said generator to receive high frequency current therefrom, said end being bevelled to eflect uniform transition in impedance and reflecting bridges slidably held in each tube resonator for longitudinal movement therein, each bridge comi5 prising a pair of discs separated by insulation and connected to the respective conductors, said bridges having a resilient peripheral portion to improve the contact with the outer conductor. i 6. An ultra-shortwave transmitter comprising 10;

an electron tube generator, 9. tube resonator having a plurality of concentric tube conductors connected at one end to said generator to receive high frequency current therefrom, said end being bevelled to effect uniform transition in impedance from, said end being bevelled to effect uniform transition in impedance, and reflecting bridges slidably held in each tube resonator for longitudinal movement therein, each bridge comprising a pair of electrodes separated by insulation and connected to the respective conductors and a radiating system connected to said conductors.

8. An ultra-short wave transmitter comprising an electron tube generator, a tube resonator having conductors connected at one end to said generator to from, said end being bevelled to effect uniform transition in impedance, and reflecting bridges slidably held in each tube resonator for longitudinal movement therein, each bridge comprising a pair of connected radiating system comprising an extensible rod connected to one of said conductors.

9. An ultra-short wave transmitter comprising an electron tube generator, a tube resonator hav- 45 ing conductors connected at one end to said generator to receive high frequency current therefrom, said end being bevelled to eifect uniform transition in impedance, and reflecting bridges slidably held dinal movement therein, each bridge comprising a pair of electrodes separated by insulation and connected to the respective conductors and a radiating system comprising a pair of telescoping members, ductors.

10. An ultra-short wave transmitter compris-' generator, a tube resonator having conductors connected at one end to said generator to receive high frequency current there- '50 from, said end being bevelled to effect uniform transition in impedance, and reflecting bridges slidably held in each tube resonator for longitudinal movement therein, each bridge comprising a pair of electrodes separated by insulation connectezi to the respective conductors and a radiating system comprising flexible metal strips adjustable as to effective length, said strips being connected to the respective conductors.

11. An ultra-short wave transmitter compris- 70 ing an electron tube generator, a tube resonator having conductors connected at one end to said generator to receive high frequency current therefrom, said end being bevelled to effect uniform transition in impedance, and reflecting bridges 75 by insulation and connected to 20 receive high frequency current thereelectrodes separated by insulation and 40 to the respective conductors and a in each tube resonator for longitu- 50 each connected to one of said con- 66 and 5 n from, said end slidably held in each tube resonator for longitudinal movement therein, each bridge comprising a pair 01 electrodes separated by insulation and connected to the respective conductors and a radiating system comprising flexible metal strips, said strips having a curved cross section whereby rigidity is imparted thereto.

12. An ultra-short wave transmitter comprising an electron tube generator, a tube resonator having conductors connected at one end to said generator to receive high frequency current therebeing bevelled to eflect uniform ERNST EDUARD WILHELM KASSNERQ 

